World War II began without warning for the United States on
December 7, 1941. A surprise attack from
the Empire of Japan started the war during a beautiful Sunday morning on the
Hawaiian island of Oahu, the home of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor.
A clear sky with a warm day looming made it promising to
spend time outside on a golf course or a tennis court. Instead of providing for a day of leisure,
the weather gave perfect conditions for a flight of fighter airplanes to find
their way from an aircraft carrier hundreds of miles off shore.
Minutes before 8 a.m., Japanese fighter planes began
dropping specially designed torpedoes into the harbor. The torpedoes were set
to run only 35 feet deep to be effective in the shallow water. Delivered with deadly accuracy, the underwater,
powered bombs were fired from the first wave of 83 aircraft sent from one of
six aircraft carriers.
An armada of 30 warships including the carriers traveled
undetected for thousands of miles from the Land of the Rising Sun. An attack force of 423 fighter/bomber planes
rested on top of the carriers and remained undetected during the attack that
lasted less than two hours. The fighters had to fly almost 90 minutes from the
carriers to reach Pearl Harbor.
The element of surprise worked perfectly for the Japanese.
Their fighters were able to cross several miles of ocean, follow the terrain of
the island and find the harbor without any resistance from the Americans.
Ironically, one Army private saw the first wave of planes
crossing Oahu. He and another soldier were manning a remote radar station. It
was used to give advanced warning to the U.S. Fleet of possible enemy planes.
When he saw the large flight of planes on the radar screen, he called in the
sighting. The radar intelligence office instructed the soldier to ignore them. The
radar blips, the officer said, were a flight of B-17 bombers that were expected
to fly into Hawaii that morning.
Eight U.S. battleships were stationed in the harbor. All of them were damaged by torpedoes. The Arizona and the Oklahoma were
destroyed. Six battleships eventually
returned to service after repairs.
The Arizona sank with 1,000 men on board. A memorial of a
white concrete and steel structure spans the hull of the sunken ship. It was
dedicated on May 30, 1962, to honor the Americans who died in the attacks in
1941.
More than 180 American aircraft were destroyed. Few American
planes left the ground. Clustered in tight groups on the airfield, they were
sitting ducks for Japanese bombs and machine guns.
The second wave of planes left the attacking carriers with
the intent of damaging other ships and shipyard facilities. Storage tanks holding thousands of gallons of
fuel were targeted by the invading planes, but the precious gasoline was not
destroyed.
The prime targets wanted by the Japanese consisted of the
three Pacific Fleet carriers—the Lexington, Enterprise and Saratoga. Fortunately, the U.S. aircraft carriers were
on maneuvers, many miles from Pearl Harbor. They were safe from the invasion.
By 9:45 a.m., the Japanese inflicted enough damage to
cripple the U.S. fleet. The attackers’
original plan was to send in a third wave of planes to finish off the remaining
equipment and the vital fuel supply on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese admirals
argued about continuing the attack, because they didn’t know how close the
missing American aircraft carriers were to Hawaii. The Japanese had plenty of
airplanes and ammunition to complete the attack against the U.S., but the
admirals made a mistake in leaving without finishing the job.
The United States government and the government of Great
Britain declared war against Imperial Japan the next day. On December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made the announcement to a joint session of Congress that the
United States was going to war.
The war would surely have lasted longer if the Japanese had
taken their element of surprise to the next level and wiped out Pearl Harbor.
Most historians agree that the end of the war would have taken longer but still
have the same results even if the attack on Pearl Harbor had been more
destructive.
One leader of the Japanese Navy, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,
was the main officer in the attack on Pearl Harbor. While the armada retreated from American waters
he described the situation best in facing the United States entering the new
war:
“I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and
fill him with a terrible resolve.”
Thank you for reading this blog. Visit this site again in
December for another interesting subject. Look for my website, www.joevlatino.com, for information about
my book “The Device.” A sample short story can be read there.
No comments:
Post a Comment